
Asst. Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Hafiz Shafi
Dr. Md. Abdul Hafiz Shafi (FCPS ENT), Assistant Professor (ENT), Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital. Chamber: Popular Medical Centre, Sobhanighat.
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Dr. Md. Abdul Hafiz Shafi (FCPS ENT), Assistant Professor (ENT), Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital. Chamber: Popular Medical Centre, Sobhanighat.

Dr. Masud Anwar is a Senior Consultant in Neurology and Family Medicine at York Hospital, Banani, Dhaka, with over 25 years of experience. Holding an MSc in Clinical Neurology (London, UK), he treats migraine, stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, neuropathy, and chronic medical conditions with a patient-focused, evidence-based approach.

Dr. Nura Akter, Lecturer at Sylhet Central Dental College, offers conservative dental care with RCT and orthodontic consultation at Nura’s Dental Care, Akhalia.

If you’re looking for a medicine doctor in Khulna with a focused approach to digestive and liver-related concerns, Dr. Sushmita Sarkar provides consultation-based care that combines general internal medicine with a gastroenterology-focused perspective. Dr. Sarkar is a Consultant at Khulna Medical College Hospital (KMCH), Khulna, and also consults patients at

Dr. Sukanta Biswas is a Cardiology, Heart & Medicine Specialist in Khulna. Book serial at Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic for structured heart-risk evaluation, BP control, and clear treatment planning.

Dr. Firoz Ahmed (MBBS, BCS, D-Ortho) is a Consultant Orthopedics & Spine Surgeon in Khulna. Chamber: Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic, Moylapota Mor. Call +8801934-998688 for appointment.

Dr. Firoz Ahmed is a Consultant Orthopedics & Spine Surgeon in Khulna with hospital-based experience in bone, joint, trauma and spine care. He sees patients at Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic, Khulna.

Clinical Nutritionist Md. A H Pranto is a Functional & Reproductive Nutrition Consultant (4+ years) at KGN Medicare Ltd. He provides practical, Bangladesh-friendly nutrition counselling for PCOS/hormonal health, fertility readiness, pregnancy nutrition, and sustainable weight management. Chamber: KGN Diagnostic & Consultation Center, Dhanmondi 02. Online consultation available.

Dr. Md. Mominul Islam is a Neurologist & Medicine Specialist in Bogura (Assistant Professor, Neurology, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College). Appointment/WhatsApp: 01726257599. Visiting hours 3pm–9pm. Chambers: Ibn Sina Kanujgari & Ibn Sina Colony.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman is an Assistant Professor of Urology with 13 years’ experience. Chamber: IBN Sina Hospital, Room 425, Subanighat, Sylhet. Visiting hours 3–7 PM. Appointment: 09610009640. Fee: ৳800.

Lt Col Dr. M H Raihan is a BM&DC registered Eye Specialist in Sylhet with 21 years’ experience. Expert in Phaco cataract surgery, cornea care & refractive vision correction.

Dr. Md. Saiful Alam is an MS (Neurosurgery) specialist and Associate Professor & Head (Neurosurgery) at CMCH, offering chamber and online consultations in Panchlaish, Chattogram.

Dr. Suman Dey is a Medicine, Diabetes, Liver & Gastro-Liver Specialist and Assistant Professor (Gastroenterology) at BSMMU. He sees patients at Moon Hospital, Jawtola, Cumilla from 2pm–8pm (Closed Friday & Sunday). Appointment: 01636861256. Fee: New 800 BDT, Follow-up 600 BDT.

Associate Professor of Dermatology at Rangpur Medical College. Dermatology & Venereology specialist in Rangpur. Chamber: Icon Digital Diagnostic Center, Dhap. Serial: 01781079745.

Dr. Rashedul Islam is a Homoeo Consultant in Matlab North, Chandpur with 15 years of experience. He practices at Islam Homoeo Hall, Sujatpur Bazar. Visiting hours: 9:00 AM–7:00 PM (Friday closed). Fees: New 300 BDT, Follow-up 100 BDT. Online consultation available.

Dr. Md. Dulal Hossain (BHMS, BHS Upper) is a Homeopathic Medical Officer at Faridpur Medical College Hospital with 14 years’ experience. He provides chamber and online consultation for piles, migraine/headache, allergy, skin diseases, tonsillitis, nasal polyp concerns, pain conditions, and sexual health issues (ED/PME). Chamber: Graduate Homeo Chamber, Chunaghata Bridge, Laxipur, Faridpur. Fee ৳200. Appointment: 01969323410.

Dr. Tonmoy Reza Masum is an Endocrinology specialist in Khulna for diabetes, thyroid, and hormone-related problems. Assistant Professor (Endocrinology) & Senior Medical Officer at INMAS, Khulna Medical College Hospital Campus. Chambers: Sunrise (2–4 PM), Fatimah (4–6 PM), Popular (7–8 PM). Fee: New 800 BDT, Follow-up 700 BDT. Appointment: +8801934998688. Closed Friday. Online consultation available.

Dr. Mirza Golam Sarwar (Moon) is a Haematology & Medicine specialist in Dhaka with 21 years’ experience. Associate Professor & Head of Haematology at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital. Chamber: Popular Diagnostic Centre (Shyamoli) and Aalok Healthcare Ltd (Mirpur 10). Online consultation available.

Dr. Rahatul Zannat is a BMU-trained nephrologist and medicine specialist with 7 years of experience, currently serving as Consultant at Kurmitola General Hospital and consulting in Dhaka and Khulna.

Dr. Momtaz Akter (BHMS, DU) is a homeopathic physician and Medical Officer (Homoeopathic) at Kurmitola General Hospital, Dhaka. She provides classical homeopathy-based care for acute and chronic conditions, with focus on child diseases and women’s health. Chamber: Janani Homeo Medicare, Mirpur 10. Visiting 4 PM–9 PM (Friday off). Fee ৳500. Serial: 01991508827.

BM&DC-registered Dental Surgeon (6158) with 15 years’ experience. Consults at MaxFace Dental Care, Malibagh (4pm–10pm, Friday closed). Consultation fee ৳600. Online consultation available.

Dr. Sheikh Salman Salam is a renowned dermatologist and venereologist based in Khulna. He offers expert care in skin, allergy, pediatric dermatology, and sexual health at Bangladesh Diagnostic and Consultation Center.

Dr. Md. Imran Hossain is a dental surgery specialist in Banani, Dhaka, offering dental implants, Invisalign/clear aligners, braces, smile design, TMJ care, and specialist root canal support. Call +8801789280929 for appointments.

Dr. Tanvir Ahmed (MBBS, DLO) is a BMDC-registered ENT & Head Neck Surgery consultant at Bangladesh Medical University. Chamber: Labaid Iconic, Kalabagan, Dhaka. Visiting: Sun/Tue/Thu (2:30–5:00 PM). Appointment: 01711745506.

Dr. Purobi Das Bakshi is a Gynecology, Obstetrics & Infertility Specialist and Surgeon in Khulna. Assistant Professor (Gyne & Obs), Khulna Medical College & Hospital. Chamber: Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic (Moylapota). Call for serial.

Dr. Md. Afzalul Bashar is a Kidney (Nephrology) & Medicine Specialist in Khulna with MBBS, BCS (Health), and MD (Nephrology). Assistant Professor of Nephrology at Shaheed Shaikh Abu-Naser Specialized Hospital. Chamber: Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic, Moylapota Mor. Call +8801934-998688.

Dr. Upananda Ray is an experienced FCPS-qualified Medicine Specialist in Khulna, Consultant at Khulna Medical College & Hospital, treating diabetes, liver, neurological, chest, and hormonal diseases.

Professor Dr. Md. Mahfuzer Rahman is a senior Medicine specialist in Rangpur and Professor of Medicine at Rangpur Medical College & Hospital. Chamber: Kasir Uddin Hospital & Diagnostic Center. Visiting: 3:00 PM–10:00 PM. Appointment: 01770 833 988.

Dr. Saiful Alam is a Cancer Specialist (Clinical Oncology—Medical & Radiation Oncology) with 10+ years’ experience at NICRH, Dhaka. Consult in Khulna at City Medical College Hospital (Moylapota Mor) and Gazi Medical College Hospital (Sonadanga). Call for serial/appointment.

Dr. Md. Zunaid Shakik is a qualified ENT (Ear, Nose & Throat) Specialist & Head Neck Surgeon in Khulna with 12 years of clinical experience. He is an Assistant Professor (ENT) at Gazi Medical College & Hospital. He regularly sees patients at Citizen Lab Doctor & Diagnostic, Moylapota Mor, Khulna. Appointment: +8801934998688.

Dr. Basil Anwar, MBBS, MCPS, FCPS – Consultant Ophthalmologist specializing in Vitreo-Retina & Cataract (Phaco) Surgery at Bangladesh Eye Hospital Zigatola, Dhaka. 13 years of trusted experience.

Dr. S M Safayet Hossen is a BCS (Health) Consultant Medicine at Chittagong Medical College & Hospital with 15 years of experience in diabetes, rheumatic and chest diseases.

Dr. Md. Delwar Hossain is a Hepatologist in Cumilla, serving at Cumilla Medical College Hospital and two private chambers. Specialist in fatty liver, hepatitis B & C, cirrhosis, and gastro-liver diseases.

Dr. Nilufa Akter, MBBS, MCPS, is an experienced gynaecologist and obstetrician at Samela Memorial Clinic, Khulna. Offering 10+ years of compassionate women’s healthcare.

Dr. Fahmidul Haque is a Urology and Andrology Specialist (MBBS, BSc Health, MS Urology) at Cumilla Medical College and Moon Hospital, Jawtola, Cumilla. He treats kidney, urinary, prostate and male sexual health problems.

Dr. Nishat Tabassum Prity is a Dental & Oral Surgeon at Safiya Smile Care, Bheramara, Kushtia, offering advanced and painless dental treatments with 6 years of experience. Expert in oral surgery, prosthodontics, RCT, pediatric care, and cosmetic dentistry.

Dr. Sudhangshu Banerjee is a highly experienced ENT Specialist & Head-Neck Surgeon in Chattogram with 22+ years of expertise. He consults at Max Hospital, Mehedibag. For appointments, call 01886789668.

Dr. Md. Younus Ali is a Khulna-based dermatologist and venereologist (MBBS, BCS, DDV) providing skin, allergy, hair, STD and cosmetic dermatology care at Skin Magic and Popular Diagnostic Center.

Dr. Md. Shariful Islam is a senior neurologist in Rangpur with 23 years of experience and former Associate Professor & Head of Neurology at RMCH. Available at Grameen Digital Diagnostic Center, Dhap Medical More.

Experienced government dermatologist in Khulna offering expert skin, hair, and venereal disease treatment at Samela Memorial Clinic and Khulna Medical College Hospital.

Dr. Mukul Chandra Paul, MBBS, BCS (Health), FCPS (Medicine) is a trusted Consultant in Medicine at Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, specializing in brain, nerve & internal diseases.

Prof. Dr. Mahamud Riyad (Foysal) — Vice Principal & Professor of Surgery, Popular Medical College Hospital — is a leading laparoscopic cancer, colorectal, upper GIT and hepatobiliary surgeon in Dhaka known for safe, minimally invasive cancer care and patient-first communication.

Experienced FCPS Gynecology & Obstetrics specialist and Assistant Professor at NICRH with 20 years of service. Provides pregnancy care, gynae treatment, cancer-related care, and online consultations. Available at Farazy Hospital Ltd Bhaban 2.

Dr. Md. Abdus Sattar Ripon – Associate Professor & Head of Dermatology & Venereology, Kushtia Medical College. Renowned skin, hair, and VD specialist with 15 years of experience.

Dr. Sakib Mohammad Ataur Ullas is an Eye Specialist & Phaco Surgeon at Friends Eye Hospital, Sylhet, offering cataract and phaco surgeries. Online consultation available.

Dr. Md. Al Amin, Registrar (Neuromedicine), Khulna Medical College & Hospital. Expert in neurology, internal medicine, and diabetes. Chambers: Medico Lab, Swapnil Center, Sunrise Diagnostic. Call: +8801934-998688

Dr. A. N. M. Tanvir Chowdhury (Noman) is a renowned paediatrician in Rangpur with 11+ years of experience, offering compassionate child care at Labzone Diagnostic Centre and Rangpur Medical College Hospital.

Dr. Shakil Muhmmod is an experienced Pediatric Surgeon serving at Dinajpur Medical College Hospital and private chambers in Dinajpur. He offers specialized surgical care for children, including congenital, neonatal, abdominal, and urological conditions.

Dr. Tamjeed Alam is a leading General and Laparoscopic Surgeon in Dhaka with 17 years of experience, specializing in minimally invasive and cancer surgeries at Apollo Clinic, Dhanmondi.

Dr. Kamalesh Chandra Basu is an Assistant Professor of Endocrinology at Dhaka Medical College and a leading endocrinologist and internist in Dhaka, treating diabetes, thyroid and complex hormonal disorders.

Dr. Md. Fazle Rabbi is a BM&DC-registered Oral and Dental Surgeon at Dent-Inn Dental Clinic, Rajshahi, with 14 years of experience offering quality, affordable dental care.

Dr. Jobaida Parvin is a leading Child Neurologist in Dhaka with 20+ years of experience in Autism, SMA, and developmental disorders. Assistant Professor at NINS.

Dr. Md Mahfuzur Rahman Khan is a 20+ years experienced Laparoscopic, Hepatobiliary & General Surgeon serving at Sadar Hospital, Sunamganj and Impulse Hospital, Dhaka.

Dr. Kamrun Nahar is a senior Gynecologist & Infertility Specialist in Cumilla with 25+ years of experience and international training in reproductive medicine.

Dr. Mohajer Mohiuddin is a trusted Dental & Oral Surgeon in Mymensingh with 10+ years’ experience in RCT, braces/aligners, cosmetic dentistry, and DSD.

Dr. Moin Uddin Talukdar is a Pediatric Neurologist & Child Specialist in Barishal, experienced in treating epilepsy, autism, ADHD, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Available at Popular Diagnostic Center, Banglabazar.

Dr. Md. Ruhul Amin is a Senior Lecturer and homeopathic specialist in chronic disease care with 20+ years of clinical and academic experience.

Dr. Mohammad Ali Rumee, Associate Professor & Head of Nephrology at Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital, is a leading Medicine & Kidney Specialist in Barisal with over 20 years of experience.

Professor Dr. ASM Badrul Hasan, the only Professor of Neuro-Medicine in Rangpur Division, is a leading neurologist with 30+ years of experience in neurology, cardiology, and internal medicine.

Assistant Professor, NICVD. Dr. Islam performs life-saving heart surgery for babies and children, covering all complex congenital defects (TOF, Fontan, etc.) in Dhaka & Mymensingh.

Ultrasonography & Radiology Imaging specialist in Rajshahi. Dr Afsana Mimi Kanta provides focused diagnostic imaging services at Terokhadia (4–6 PM). BMDC: 131919. Online consultation available.

Dr. Amena Akhter is a leading Medicine & Homoeopathic Specialist in Sylhet with 25 years of experience, serving at Jalalabad Homoeopathic Medical College and Abil Homoeo Hall.

Dr. Md. Moklesur Rahman, Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Specialist at Rangpur Medical College Hospital, offers expert treatment for childhood blood disorders and cancers in Rangpur and Dinajpur.

MD Rakibul Hassan, PT is a Certified GOV-Registered Physiotherapist based in Shyamnagar, Satkhira. He provides clinic-based, home care, and online physiotherapy services for pain relief, recovery, and rehabilitation.

Dr. Durlav Kanti Paul is a Neonatal, Pediatric & Adolescent Surgery Specialist serving at Cumilla Medical College Hospital and consulting at C D Path & Hospital (Room 415, Badurtola, Cumilla). With 11+ years of experience and BM&DC Reg. A-71380, he provides child-friendly, evidence-based surgical care. Hours: 3–7 PM (Fri closed). Appointment: 01684401920.

Prof. Dr. Nasir Uddin continues to inspire the next generation of oral and maxillofacial surgeons through his dedication, research, and patient-centered philosophy — making him one of the most trusted names in oral surgery in Bangladesh.

Dr. Ayesha Khatun is a highly qualified female General, Laparoscopic & Colorectal Surgeon in Cumilla. She serves as Resident Surgeon at Cumilla Medical College Hospital and provides expert care in Longo, laser, and laparoscopic surgeries with 96% success and compassionate service.

Professor Dr. Md. Shafiul Alam is a top-rated Neurosurgeon in Dhaka with over 20 years of experience. Serving at NINS, he specializes in brain, nerve, and spine surgery, offering advanced Gamma Knife treatment and expert neurosurgical care across Dhaka and Bogura.

Dr. Md. Rezwan Kaiser is a Barisal-based Skin, Allergy, Sex & Laser Surgery Specialist and Consultant, Dermatology. Trained in Thailand, the USA, and the UK, he offers evidence-based care at Skinfinity and Popular Diagnostic Center, Barisal. Call for appointments and laser/aesthetic services.

Dr. Shams-ul Islam Zakaria (BDS, PGT, DDC) is an Orthodontist & Chief Consultant at Namira Oro Dental Care, Bogura. 10+ years’ experience in fixed braces, clear aligners, smile design, implants & oral surgery.

Dr S M Mahfuzur Rahman (BDS, MCPS, FCPS) is a Specialist Orthodontist & Dental Surgeon in Banani, Dhaka, offering braces, clear aligners, implants and cosmetic dentistry at Brace Orthodontics & Dental Care.

Professor Dr. A. H. M. Delwar Mamun is a senior ENT specialist in Cumilla with over 26 years of government medical experience. He serves as Professor & Head of ENT at Comilla Medical College and offers consultation at Cumilla Tower Hospital, Kandirpar.

Dr. Md. Humayun Kabir is a trusted Endocrinologist in Dhaka with 12+ years’ experience in diabetes, thyroid and hormonal care. Consultant, Dept. of Endocrinology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital; chamber at Medinova Medical Services, Malibagh

Dr. Asma-Ul-Hosna, Pediatric Dentist in Mymensingh, Assistant Professor & Head of Pediatric Dentistry at MMC&H. Specialized in child dental care, trauma management, and preventive dentistry.

Dr. Md. Bashir Ahammed is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurosurgery at NINS, Dhaka (MBBS-SSMC, BCS-Health, MS-Neurosurgery). He treats brain tumors, spine disorders, epilepsy, and neurotrauma.

Dr. Abubakker Siddique is a BM&DC-registered ENT specialist (Reg. A-69396) with 10+ years of experience. He serves as IMO, Dhaka Medical College Hospital.

Experienced homeopathy consultant with 18+ years’ practice. Founder of KGN Homeo Hall, Malibag, and Lecturer at Hopes Medical College, treating liver, kidney, tumor & chronic conditions.

Dr. S M A Sufian is a top-rated Pediatrician in Cumilla with over 11 years of experience. He serves as Associate Professor & Head of Pediatrics at Eastern Medical College & Hospital. Specialist in newborn, child, and adolescent care. Visit him at CD Path & Hospital, Badurtola.

Dr. Md. Shoykat Parvez is an ENT Specialist and Assistant Professor at Ad-Din Medical College with 10+ years of experience. Available at Doratana Hospital, Jashore.

Prof. Dr. Swapan Kumar Nath is a senior oncologist with 30+ years of experience. He practices at Popular Diagnostic Centre, Rangpur and offers both in-person and online consultations.

Dr. Md. Moynul Hasan is a Dental Surgeon in Bogura with 20 years of experience. He practices at TMSS Medical College and Al Beruni Dental Surgery. Book online or offline.

Dr. Foysal Ahmed is a consultant dental surgeon with 6+ years of experience, specializing in root canal, oral surgery, and cosmetic dentistry.

Dr. Md. Akther-uz-Zahan (Pulok) is a trusted homeopathy doctor practicing since 1998, known for delivering safe, effective, and patient-focused care. Chamber and online consultations are available.

Dr. Md. Obaidur Rahman is an Assistant Professor of Urology at Kushtia Medical College Hospital with 25 years of experience. He treats kidney stones, prostate disorders, bladder diseases, infertility & cancers. Consult at Sono Diagnostic Centre or online.

Prof. Dr. Haradhan Deb Nath is a senior neurosurgeon in Dhaka with over 28 years of experience. He specializes in brain, spine, and nerve surgery. He is a Professor at BMU (formerly BSMMU) and sees patients at LABAID Dhanmondi and Padma Diagnostic Malibagh.

Dr. Nikhil Chandra Roy, Assistant Professor at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, is a leading gastroenterologist in Dhaka specializing in liver, stomach, and pancreatic disorders.

Dr. Samaresh Chandra Saha, Consultant at Bangladesh Medical University, is a leading vascular surgeon with 13+ years of expertise in advanced open and endovascular treatments.

Dr. Suraya Yeasmin is a compassionate and experienced homeopathic physician in Jashore, specializing in women’s fertility, gynecology, obstetrics, and child care. With over 6 years of professional practice and specialized training in Mind Techniques, she provides holistic, patient-centered care at Homeo Care, Jashore. Book an appointment today to experience personalized homeopathic treatment for women and children.

Dr. Rehnuma Sadia Siddiqua is a highly experienced eye specialist and consultant ophthalmologist in Dhaka. She is an expert in cataract, LASIK, cornea, retina, and glaucoma treatment with 10+ years of experience.

Dr. S. M. Nuruzzaman Tuhin is a Jashore-based homeopathy consultant focused on gastric and GI care. With 9+ years’ experience (Gov Reg. H-26378), he treats GERD, gastritis, ulcers, IBS, bloating, and indigestion with individualized plans.

Dr. Dhiman Kumar Ray is a skilled General Surgeon and Laparoscopy specialist with 8 years of experience, providing compassionate, patient-centered care in Rangpur.

Dr. Md. Maniruzzaman is an experienced Prosthodontist with 20 years of expertise, serving patients at Jolly Dental and Orthodontics in Rangpur.

Dr. Sazia Akter Sathi (DHMS,) provides expert homeopathic care for women’s health, pediatric wellness, and holistic healing in Jessore.

Dr. Shefa Naznin Renu (BHMS, ADMU) is a Homeopathic Physician and Consultant in Jashore with 10+ years of experience. She practices at Shefa Homeo Medicare, Chanchra Bazar Mor, Jashore Sadar. Dr. Renu offers safe, holistic, and patient-centered care, expert in women’s health, gynecology, child care, infertility, mental health, and skin issues, with both in-person and phone consultations available.

Dr. Md. Sabbir Hossain is a trusted homeopathic physician with expertise in pain management, arthritis, digestive issues, sexual weakness, skin disorders, and pediatric care. He provides personalized, natural treatments that focus on root causes rather than just symptoms.

Dr. Md. Rakibul Islam Masud is a trusted Clinical and Radiation Oncologist in Mymensingh with over 5 years of experience. Holding MBBS, BCS (Health), FCPS (Radiotherapy), and MPH, he currently serves as a Radiotherapist at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and provides consultations at Memorial Specialized Hospital and The Peoples Hospital & Diagnostic Centre. He specializes in cancer treatment, radiotherapy, and palliative care, offering patient-focused, compassionate care. Call 01871030779 to book an appointment.

Dr. Hasanul Banna Alamin (DHMS) is a Homeopathic Physician and Consultant in Sylhet with 3 years of experience. He practices at AFIYA HOMOEO PHARMACY, Loharpara, Amborkhana, and is a member of the Jalalabad Homeopathic Medical Association. He offers both in-person and online consultations, focusing on safe, holistic, and patient-centered treatment.

Prof. Dr. Mid. Mushfiqur Rahman is a senior General and Laparoscopic Surgeon in Rangpur with 30 years of surgical experience. He specializes in gallbladder surgery, hernia repair, appendectomy, and abdominal procedures.

Dr. Md. Yousuf Kabir (MBBS, MS) is a skilled Thoracic and Esophageal Surgeon, currently serving as Registrar in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at Dhaka Medical College Hospital. With 7 years of clinical experience, he provides specialized care for chest, lung, and esophageal conditions.

Dr. Md. Abdus Sobahan is a homeopathic doctor in Jessore & Jhinaidah, expert in sexual and gynecological case management. Available at Homeo Chambers in both cities.